A Modest Proposal Also Deals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1047 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/07 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Modest Proposal Essay Did you like this example? The story takes place in Dublin, Ireland. During the projected time of 18th century, you could not travel there without tripping over a child because there are tons of them everywhere. In the story, the people are about of the city just as much as the countryside. A Modest proposal is written in first person by an unknown person. In the story, you can kind of start to see the narrator put in some of their own bias in the satire. Swift in the story wanted you to imagine going into a huge city and being forced to be confronted with poverty and all things bad because it is everywhere. When Swift wrote A Modest Proposal, Dublin was going through a famine and so by having overpopulation and freezing conditions, it made it harder to find food. Nonetheless, the poor were not allowed to build houses or cultivate land and there rent was raised randomly. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Modest Proposal Also Deals" essay for you Create order The wealthy people in the story were protestant and lived in power of Catholic gaining any power. This was because the last ruler King James Francis Edward Stuart was taken off the throne due to Catholicism and on top of that, all the poor people are Catholic. A modest proposal is a juvenile satirical story that was written anonymously by Jonathan Swift. The story behind a modest proposal was that the wealthy people had all the land that they wanted but no food, all the poor people had over population issue and no one could afford all the kids they were having, mind you, they did not have birth control back then. This is where Jonathan Then comes in and says why the poor people do not sell their babies to the wealthy in exchange for money to buy food, and the wealthy will eat the babies as entry meal. The people did not respond very well to this. The proposal was one of those situations where if you did not like the situation then fix it. Swift in the story shows how greed corrupts the thinking of the upper society at the time as well as the ability for the people to do anything useful for themselves like grow food and try to survive. Secondly, the poorer tenants will have something valuable of their own, which by law may be made liable to distress and help to pay their landlords rent, their corn and cattle being already seized, and money a thing unknown (21jonathan Swift). The rich were so about getting land that there was no space for the peasant life-style. Swift knew that everyone was suffering and wrote this in hopes to spark a change in the society. A Modest Proposal has a little of ethics and morality to it. It all starts out as a dubious idea that is ideally turned into a scheme. The kind of interesting part about it all is that Swift does not talk about any morals in the story at all or make any judgments. All he really does is make horrible suggestions about poor selling their babies to wealthy people for money. So for this satire to do its job, all the people reading the story have up their minds and create their own judgments on what they believe is right.There is likewise another great advantage in my scheme, that it will prevent those abortions, and that horrid practice of women murdering their bastard children, alas, too frequent among us, sacrificing the poor innocent babes, I doubt, more to avoid the expense than the shame(5Jonathan Swift). In the story Swift also talks about religion. He mentions how his protestant friends do not care about the situation because they care more about their religion.These mothers, instead of being able to work for their honest livelihood, are forced to [ ] beg sustenance for their helpless infants, who as they grow up, [ ] leave their dear native country to fight for the Pretender in Spain (1Jonathan Swift). Swift said that by children growing up blaming and hating the protestant may very well go the extreme. It is said that after the Glorious war, when James Francis Edward Stuart was taken offed the thrown, many people feared that a catholic army would break out. A Modest Proposal also deals with a power issues. Swift talks about how the wealthy people are overcharging tenants and all the Politician is, so they can have a little money for themselves on the side.That the remaining hundred thousand may at a year old be offered in sale to the persons of quality and fortune through the kingdom(11jonathan Swift).In the story, you could also consider the wealthy people to be cannibals at the rate that they were consuming the poor Irish people. In the story, there are many animals in the story. That is how the children are being portrayed as. They are also seen as mortals, which strips them of receiving any sympathy from anyone. The tone of the story you could say is cynical and ironic. Swift in the story as I mentioned early kindly tells you his thoughts about cannibalism. He uses an ironic voice to plant an idea of how awful things are. His writing is also wordy and pretentious.I think it is agreed by all parties that this prodigious number of children in the arms, or on the backs, or at the heels of their mothers, and frequently of their fathers, is, in the present deplorable state of the kingdom, a very great additional grievance; and therefore, whoever could find out a fair, cheap, and easy method of making these children sounds useful members of the commonwealth would deserve so well of the public as to have his statue set up for a preserver of the nation.(2Jonathan Swift). In the end of the satire, the narrator expresses that he is a loyal Irishman just trying to propose greatness to his country. But my intention is very far from being confined to provide only for the children of professed beggars; it is of a much greater extent, and shall take in the whole number of infants at a certain age who are born of parents in effect as little able to support them as those who demand our charity in the streets. (3)

art history formal analysis Renoir luncheon of the boating...

ARTS103OL Art Appreciation FORMAL ANALYSIS FORMAL ANALYSIS of: Luncheon of the Boating Party By Auguste Renoir For ARTS103OL Art Appreciation Instructor: The intent of this paper is to provide a greater understanding of the selected art object. Through objective analysis of the formal elements that make up the art object and considerations of the social and cultural climate in which it was conceived, a greater understanding of the art objects significance will be achieved. Part II - Identification of the Art Object: 1. Title of the Work: Luncheon of the Boating Party 2. Artist/School: Auguste Renoir/ Impressionist 3. Year or Time Period Completed: 1881 4. Medium/Technique/Process used: Oil on Canvas 5. Size: 51 x†¦show more content†¦Standing behind her over her left shoulder is a man wearing a cream colored jacket with wispy blue stripes. He wears a white shirt and a black cravat. His hair falls over his forehead and is reddish brown. He has a small mustache and a goatee beard. He is leaning over the woman’s shoulder with his hand resting on the back of her chair, looking down at her. Behind him in the background over his left shoulder is a woman standing facing left, with black gloved hands raised to the sides of her face. She wears an ornate black hat with feathers and a black dress. Standing next to her with his arm around her is a man with a straw hat with a red hat band, wearing a red and white striped shirt. He faces forward looking at her intently. To his right stands another man facing the woman he has his arm around. This man has a full beard and wears a black hat. Behind him seated at the back table is a woman in a flowered straw hat who is d rinking from a glass, she looks directly out of the picture plane past the table in the foreground at the viewer. A man seated to her left is barely visible in profile and past the shoulder of the man in the cream colored jacket. The entire scene is brightly lit with ambient light from the open sides of the porch the majority of which were enters from the front left of the picture plane. The white tablecloth on the table in the foreground glows with reflected

Negative and Positive Positivism Law

Question: Discuss about the Negative and Positive Positivism Law. Answer: Introduction There are five judges who sat to hear the case of the Speluncean Explorers. Their judgments are aligned to their various theoretical areas of laws. The judges, in this case, are The Chief Justice; Truepenny, Keen J, Tatting J, Handy J and Foster J. In the paragraphs below, I will discuss the judgments of Keen J, Hardy J and Foster J which I agree with. Views herein are not altogether in accordance with the traditional theories of law. I will highlight each of the arguments of the judges and give my opinion there below. Keen J, in this case, is a positivist. Positivism argues that laws are not a construct of morality and that decisions are to be made based on a set of rules that have been made to govern individuals. Therefore, provided there is a law in place that governs an individuals behavior there ought not to be an alternative to being taken other than the one provided therein. Handy J, on the other hand, is a realist. A realist uses common sense in assessing situations and making a decision. In other words, it is the common sense which justifies a decision that ought to be taken. Finally, Foster J adopts a purposive approach in dealing with the issue at hand. He does not subscribe to a particular school of thought and he approaches the issue at hand in a multifaceted approach. The judgment of this learned judge well reasoned. He seeks to strictly apply the law of the land in the determination of this matter without taking into consideration factors such as morality or common sense. He purely addresses this issue based on the law enacted. The issue that this judge addresses is whether a life was taken intentionally or not. If the answer is yes then he upholds the conviction therein. It is his opinion that judges are faced with difficulties in deciding on cases when morality and laws are incorporated. Therefore, judges ought to put their personal views and opinions aside and decide on the issues based on a codified set of rules enacted by the legislature. It is true that different individuals have different morals. Morality varies from one individual to another, therefore if cases are to be decided based on morals there would be no harmony or agreement on whichever issue that goes to court. Keen J reiterates the role of the judiciary when interpreting statutes. He attacks the argument by Foster J which according to him does not promote the purposes that were intended by the legislature. An interpretation that seeks to permit what is clearly forbidden by the law is ill informed and is a wrong interpretation. The judiciary when interpreting a statute should try to establish the purpose of the legislature. In doing this, the courts should endeavor to give effect to the intention of the statute and not come up with a principle that was not intended to be in place. Keen J herein upholds the conviction. Positivists generally argue that judicial discretion is not always available in every case especially where the law clearly enumerates what ought to be done. Judicial discretion is only applicable in instances that the law is silent and in isolated instances. In the subject matter at hand, the judicial discretion is inapplicable since the law of Commonwealth categorically and without ambiguity outlaws murder. Hardy J as a realist holds the view that wisdom ought to be applied in such an instance as this. It is his opinion that governance entails understanding what the masses want and responding to it accordingly. He discusses publicity and is of the view that public opinion ought to be considered in deciding on the outcome of the case. In this case, the public believed that the accused persons herein deserved to be pardon. Public opinion is a key factor that ought to be considered when deciding a case. Whenever there is a public outcry the courts have always taken into consideration the wishes of the people even if it is not legally permissible. Hardy J in his judgment sought to demonstrate that public opinion always influences court decisions. He does not agree with his fellow judges who hold the opinion that emotional public opinion is irrelevant and the case should be decided based on the written law. The learned judge herein demonstrates how emotional public opinion has in several instances been incorporated by judges in thwarting the case and deciding on cases. Generally, Hardy J recommends that common sense is applied in the determination of this case, he recommends for setting aside of the conviction. Common sense or wisdom should be given a second thought in this instance. There was no other means of survival other than sacrificing one of their colleagues through the casting of a lot. Common sense dictated that in order for them to survive from the starvation that threatened to kill them, one of them should be killed and eaten. The jury should, therefore, give a second thought to this line of argument before deciding to convict since it makes a lot of sense that the public seem to be in agreement with. Laws as interpreted by the realists are not supposed to be interpreted in its strict sense. Realists are of the view that law has gaps and ambiguities that would need a realistic perception in its interpretation. Therefore, in order for justice to be served at the end of the day, the jury should not be confined to a formalistic approach to issues at hand but should rather seek to isolate in terms of their interpretation role each and every case. As indicated there above, Foster J takes a rather broad perspective in handling the issue at hand. The first argument that he advances is that it is the law of Newgarth that is up for determination. He believes that the law of the land does not necessarily apply in this matter. If the law is applied, obviously the explorers would be convicted of murder. According to Foster J, the explorers in this instance were not within the jurisdiction of the commonwealth and hence commonwealth laws are not applicable. Foster J believes that positivists law can only be applicable in situations where there is human existence. In other words, positivists laws are meant to foster coexistence among the members of the society. Therefore where the coexistence is rendered impossible then the law of the land is rendered irrelevant too. Instead, it is the law of nature that governs the individuals. The law of nature presupposes that the governing laws should promote coexistences and where the coexistence is impossible the governing laws would not necessarily be incorporated. In this instance, it is justifiable and it makes sense to sacrifice one of their colleagues in order for survival to be ensured. Moreover, Foster J states that the law of contracts permitted the explorers to cast the lot. Given the fact that no one was compelled, the explorers seemingly exercised their freedom to contract and hence the law of the land should not interfere or look into their terms of the contract. Foster J continues his argument and on his proposition of laws being applicable, he highlights some important points. He brings out issue self-defense. It is his argument that since all the explorers would have starved and died, the act of killing one of their own was an act of self-defense which the law of the land pardons. Finally, Foster J discusses the concept of judicial usurpation where the court can come up with laws to fill in gaps that come up in relation to various issues arising that were not captured by the legislators. It is an anticipation of death that prompted the accused persons to cast the lot and consequently kill. The court herein also could come up with jurisprudence in relation to this instance since they have judicial usurpation power at their disposal. The accused persons herein are not supposed to be subjected to commonwealth laws since their coexistence was threatened and they were in a situation that the law of the land did not justify their coexistence. Even if the law of the land is applied, it would still quash the conviction since self-defense is a ground of law that is available for their defense. The argument that the accused persons were out the jurisdiction and hence the commonwealth laws do not govern them is not necessarily correct. Provided you are a citizen of a particular state you are subject to the laws of such a state. The accused persons are therefore subjects to the laws of Newgarth. Conclusion I am in agreement with the judgments and the reasoning of Keen J, Hardy J and Foster J in the case of Speluncean Explorers. The three judges belong to a different school of thoughts; Keen J is a positivist, Hardy J is a realist while Foster J takes a liberal approach to dealing with issues at hand. Keen J advocates for application of the law as it is. Public opinion should not be considered under this theory. The interpretation of the laws should only seek to promote what was the intended meaning of the legislature. Hardy J calls for common sense and wisdom when interpreting the law of the land. The argument herein is that laws are ambiguous and has gaps that can only be filled by realistic approach to issues at hand Foster J adopts a broad perspective in handling issues and interpretation of the law of the land. The broad perspective ranges from the interpretation of the laws, justification of inapplicability of the law of the land and freedom to contract. Finally it is my submission that all of the above arguments are well reason even though I do not agree on some few aspects of the ruling as argued by Foster J. However, I am totally in support of his overall arguments and the decision to set aside the conviction. I am also in agreement with judgments of Hardy J and Keen J. Bibliography Barak, Purposive interpretation in law. (Princeton University Press, 2007) Berger Raoul, Insulation of Judicial Usurpation: A Comment on Lawrence Sager's Court-Stripping Polemic (1983) 44 Ohio State Law Journal 611 Coleman and Jules, Negative and positive positivism(1982) 11(1) The Journal of Legal Studies139-164 Friedman Barry.The will of the people: How public opinion has influenced the Supreme Court and shaped the meaning of the constitution (Macmillan, 2009) Fuller Lon, Positivism and fidelity to law: A reply to Professor Hart (1958)Harvard law review630-672 Green Michael, Legal realism as theory of law(2004) 46 William Mary Law Review46 Hart Herbert, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals(1958) Harvard law review593-629. Kessler Friedrich, Contracts of Adhesion--Some Thoughts About Freedom of Contract, (1943) 43 Columbia Law Review 629. Posner Richard, Legal formalism, legal realism, and the interpretation of statutes and the constitution (1986)37 Case Western Reserve Law Review 179 Posner Richard, Statutory interpretation: in the classroom and in the courtroom(1983) The University of Chicago law review800-822. Thomson Judith Jarvis, Self-defense and Rights (Dept. of Philosophy, University of Kansas 1977) Wilson James, The Role of Public Opinion in Constitutional Interpretation (1993) BYU Law Review

Regional dialects Essay Example

Regional dialects Essay Regional dialects show great variation on what was, in some cases, a uniform language and can pose a difficult problem when studying language change, as they conform to no logical pattern of difference from the standard language of a country. This usually comes from the dialect of the area of greatest political power, this being the South-east Midland dialect (encompassing London, Oxford and Cambridge) in England. A written standard language is particularly important for communication between regions and between people of different social groups. However the oral form of a standard language can be the most susceptible to change, as it is the type of language that is used most frequently and in the most widespread areas; as in the example of modern English. The influence of mass communication is producing a phonological change whereby regional accents are declining and becoming replaced by estuary English one of whose primary features is the glottal stop. English is also widely spoken as a second language or the primary foreign language of many speakers. Exposure to such people naturally brings about their changing the language which can cause the creation of pidgin forms, for example the widely used Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea. However dialects that do not form the standard language tend to alter less rapidly due to the fewer number of speakers who often have a desire to retain the vocabulary that is seen as a part of their culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Regional dialects specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Regional dialects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Regional dialects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Diachronic changes in semantics are diverse and often unpredictable. Patterns exist only in the classification of the certain types of change. Semantic word change tends to fall into three main groups. The meaning of a word can broaden, the term dogge in Middle English referred to a particular breed of dog; narrow, the word deer used to mean animal but narrowed to mean a particular species or shift the word silly in Old English meant happy, in Middle English this shifted to naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve and now has come to mean foolish.3 Semantic changes are always occurring. Currently a shift in English is taking place in the word disinterested. Traditionally the word means to be impartial, however present generations are confusing the word which is now becoming a synonym for uninterested.  Due to the vast time period of language change and the sheer number of factors that affect it, it can be difficult to understand why changes affect certain aspects of the language and not others. In English ough has eight different recognised forms of pronunciation. In addition to this, in Chinese for example, the oral forms of a language can change out of all recognition to become a different language yet at the same time written form can remain mutually intelligible. This shows that speech and written language are two very different areas that can change in different ways, and that these changes can happen independently of each other. Changes in language can also occur due to individual speakers. It is true that parole, according to F. de Sassure, is the way in which an individual produces their language; however these changes can be perpetuated permanently when new generations adopt traits from their parents by creative copying, so that gradually, a language changes imperceptibly to a current speaker, unless it is compared with the language of previous generations. For example the differences in lexicon and even intonation of voice heard on film footage of the First World War and even as recently as the Fifties. Analogical formations can also become accepted into standard language, in Old English the -s ending was only one of many plurals but is now standard. As mentioned previously, social factors such as the development of technology and changes in education, along with words that come into (and out of) fashion can affect languages, particularly within the younger generations, without any apparent predictability. Certain buzz words change semantically from one generation to become the latest word for cool, ultimately, these trends rely on the individual to decide whether to use and pass on such words so that they become embedded in the lexicon. It must be said that the unpredictability of language change caused by the influence of history and social factors, can only show certain tendencies for changes that happen rather than them complying to rigid rules. Even though patterns can be analysed in diachronic linguistics, this is simply a demonstration of what has occurred as opposed to an explanation as to why the change has happened. The diversity of language change is so great, and on the whole unpredictable that it can not be submitted to complete and generalised analysis.